In the following year Juan Bermudo wrote in his Declaracion de Instrumentos Musicales: "We have seen a guitar in Spain with five courses of strings." Bermudo later mentions in the same book that "Guitars usually have four strings," which implies that the five-course guitar was of comparatively recent origin, and still something of an oddity". ^ "The first incontrovertible evidence of five-course instruments can be found in Miguel Fuenllana's Orphenica Lyre of 1554, which contains music for a vihuela de cinco ordenes.^ Graham Wade, A Concise History of the Classic Guitar (Pacific: Mel Bay, 2001): 25–31.^ "Guitarra Española y Vandola en Dos Maneras de Guitarra, Castellana y Cathalana de Cinco Ordenes".^ Stanley Sadie, The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments, (New York: Macmillan Press Limited, 1984).
^ Juan Ruiz, Libro de Buen Amor, English translation by Saralyn Daly, The Book of True Love: a Bilingual Edition (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, c1978): 311–329.These six-string guitars were still smaller than the modern classical guitar. An ornate guitar made by a Joakim Thielke (1641–1719) of Germany was altered in this way and became a success.įrom the mid-18th century through the early 19th century, the guitar evolved into a six-string instrument, phasing out courses by preference to single strings. Later, it was in Italy that a sixth course became commonplace and this was an easily done by replacing or reworking the nut and bridge to plug in another tuning peg hole for the sixth string. The number of frets on the guitar was increased from eight to ten and eventually to twelve. The guitarra set the modern standard tuning – A, D, G, B, E – for the top five strings that continues to this day. These five-course guitarras replaced the four-course Renaissance instruments, particularly in Spain. This instrument appears to have had a strong influence in the design and tuning of the early five-course guitars that first appeared in Spain in the middle of the sixteenth century. The vihuela became popular in Spain and Italy and remained common until the late 16th century. One of the first major methods published for five-course guitar is Joan Carles Amat's Guitarra Española y Vandola en Dos Maneras de Guitarra, Castellana y Cathalana de Cinco Ordenes, published in 1596. The five-course guitar did not phase out the four-course instrument until the Baroque period. This publication examined the relationship between the guitar and vihuela, and also differentiated between four- and five-course guitars. Juan Bermudo in 1555 published Declaración de Instrumentos Musicales, a treatise containing a section on plucked string instruments. The Renaissance guitar shared most similarities with the Spanish vihuela, a six-coursed instrument with similar tuning and construction. The Renaissance guitar contained four pairs of strings called courses. The first incarnation of what is now called the guitar first appeared during the Renaissance. Instruments called "guitars" were first mentioned in literature in the 13th century, though many of these medieval records describe instruments that in modern times are classified as gitterns. Then came out, with a strident sound, the two-stringed Moor’s gittern, High-pitched as to its range, as to its tone both harsh and bold Big-bellied lute which marks the time for merry, rustic dance, And Spanish guitar which with the rest was herded in the fold The poem The Book of Good Love describes two early instruments, guitarra morisca and guitarra latina. While the precise lineage of the instrument is still unclear, historians believe that the guitar is the descendant of the Greek kithara, gittern, lyre, European and Middle Eastern lutes, and the Spanish vihuela. See also: Lute § History and evolution of the lute, Gittern, and Citole § Origins Renaissance stringed instruments
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